IoT and M2M Glossary for Connected Technologies
Explore clear explanations of the most important IoT, M2M, and cellular connectivity terms. This glossary helps you understand the technologies behind global IoT SIMs, eSIMs, network features, and device connectivity so you can deploy and manage your devices with confidence.
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2G (GSM)
2G, also known as GSM, is the second generation of cellular technology and the foundation of early mobile data and SMS communication. Although it provides very low data speeds compared to modern networks, 2G remains widely used in certain IoT deployments due to its extremely broad coverage and low power requirements.
Many legacy IoT devices in utilities, telemetry, vending, and basic asset tracking still depend on 2G for simple, small data packets. While some countries are beginning to sunset 2G networks, others continue to support it for long-term IoT compatibility. For global IoT SIMs, including those offered by IoT Data Connect, 2G often acts as a fallback layer to maintain connectivity in regions where more advanced networks are unavailable.
Because IoT devices can be deployed in remote or unpredictable environments, maintaining backward compatibility with 2G ensures reliable connectivity across a wide range of industries and geographies.
3G (UMTS)
3G, or UMTS, represented a major step forward in mobile connectivity by delivering higher data throughput and more reliable data sessions. While not as widely used today, many IoT devices still rely on 3G for applications requiring moderate data rates such as telematics, medical devices, and industrial monitoring.
Many mobile network operators are gradually retiring 3G services to free spectrum for 4G and 5G, but global IoT SIMs must still support 3G in regions where shutdowns have not yet occurred. IoT deployments that operate internationally benefit from multi-network SIMs capable of connecting to 3G when necessary, especially for continuity in locations without strong LTE coverage.
For IoT Data Connect customers, backwards compatibility with 3G helps ensure devices remain connected during network transitions, making it easier to support older hardware during long-term deployments.
4G (LTE)
4G, also known as LTE, is the most widely adopted network technology for IoT deployments today. It offers fast, stable, and energy-efficient connectivity suitable for everything from CCTV and telematics to smart metering, EV charging, and industrial automation. LTE provides high data throughput, low latency, and broad global availability, making it the backbone of modern M2M and IoT communications.
IoT Data Connect SIMs take advantage of multi-network LTE roaming to ensure continuous connectivity, automatically switching to the strongest available LTE network across 180+ countries. This is vital for mission-critical IoT where uptime and consistent data delivery matter.
Even as 5G expands, 4G LTE will remain essential for IoT for many years due to its maturity, coverage footprint, and hardware compatibility across millions of deployed devices.
5G
5G is the latest generation of mobile network technology, offering drastically improved speeds, lower latency, and greater network capacity compared to previous generations. For IoT, 5G enables real-time analytics, rapid data transfer, and highly scalable device deployments, especially in sectors like smart cities, logistics, industrial automation, and connected infrastructure.
However, 5G is not just about speed. It also introduces advanced features such as network slicing, ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC), and massive machine-type communications (mMTC), all of which are pivotal for next-generation IoT solutions. As 5G coverage expands globally, IoT SIMs and eSIMs must support hybrid connectivity that transitions smoothly between 4G and 5G depending on network availability.
IoT Data Connect supports 5G-ready SIMs designed to take advantage of these capabilities where available, while still ensuring fallback compatibility with LTE, NB-IoT, and other essential IoT technologies.
5G SA
5G SA, or Standalone 5G, is the purest form of 5G connectivity. Instead of relying on existing 4G infrastructure, 5G SA operates on a dedicated 5G core network, enabling the full feature set of the 5G standard. This includes ultra-low latency, advanced network slicing, improved energy efficiency, and support for massive IoT device densities.
For IoT, 5G SA unlocks capabilities such as real-time industrial control, high-precision monitoring, autonomous systems, and large-scale sensor deployments that require constant, responsive communication. It is also more efficient for battery-powered IoT hardware thanks to improved signalling and power-saving modes.
Although 5G SA adoption is still emerging globally, IoT Data Connect’s 5G-ready SIMs and eSIMs are designed to take advantage of Standalone networks as they become available, making deployments more future-proof.
5G NSA
5G NSA, or Non-Standalone 5G, is the transitional form of 5G that uses 4G LTE infrastructure for control signalling while delivering faster 5G data speeds on the radio layer. Most of today’s global 5G networks operate in NSA mode because it provides broad coverage without requiring a full 5G core rollout.
For IoT, 5G NSA offers significant improvements in throughput and performance while maintaining compatibility with existing LTE networks. Devices benefit from enhanced speeds and stability, but not all advanced 5G capabilities (such as full network slicing or ultra-low latency) are available yet.
IoT Data Connect supports 5G NSA across multiple regions, enabling IoT deployments to take advantage of improved connectivity while still relying on LTE, LTE-M, and NB-IoT for fallback and power-efficient operation.
A
Activation Fees
Activation fees refer to the one-time charges applied when initiating a new SIM card, eSIM profile, or IoT connectivity service. In the IoT industry, these fees can vary widely depending on the connectivity provider and the type of network access being enabled, such as LTE, NB-IoT, or global roaming.
For businesses deploying IoT devices at scale, activation fees can significantly impact upfront costs, especially when hundreds or thousands of SIMs need to be brought online. Many modern IoT platforms now aim to remove or minimise these costs to support frictionless onboarding and faster device rollout. Reducing activation fees is particularly important for scalable IoT deployments where devices may come online gradually over time.
IoT Data Connect focuses on predictable pricing, ensuring businesses can activate SIMs without unnecessary costs or complications, making large-scale deployments easier to manage.
APIs (Application Programming Interface)
APIs are structured interfaces that allow software systems to communicate with one another. In IoT connectivity, APIs are essential for integrating SIM management, provisioning, diagnostics, usage reporting, and automation into external applications and platforms.
Modern IoT platforms, including IoT Data Connect, typically provide REST APIs or webhook integrations that let users control SIM lifecycles programmatically. This enables automated activation, suspension, data usage monitoring, and alerting without manual intervention. For large IoT deployments, APIs are critical for ensuring smooth, scalable operations across thousands of connected devices.
APIs also play a major role in enabling real-time IoT workflows, such as device authentication, platform integrations, and automated responses to network conditions or data thresholds.
APN (Access Point Name)
An APN (Access Point Name) defines how a device connects to the mobile network and what type of IP address or data routing it receives. When an IoT device initiates a data session, the APN determines the gateway it uses to reach the internet or private infrastructure.
Different connectivity providers often use unique APNs, and in many cases IoT devices must be configured manually with the correct APN before they can transmit data. Some 4G and 5G devices retrieve APN details automatically, while others require explicit configuration depending on the module and firmware version.
IoT Data Connect uses a unified APN across all supported networks, simplifying device deployment and allowing the same device configuration to work across multiple countries and mobile operators.
APN Firewall
An APN firewall is a security layer that restricts and monitors the traffic entering or leaving a private APN. It protects IoT devices by enforcing strict rules around which IPs, ports, and protocols can be accessed, preventing unauthorised communication or malicious traffic from reaching connected hardware.
For IoT deployments, especially in industrial, energy, and security sectors, an APN firewall is crucial for isolating device traffic and ensuring secure communication paths. Firewalls can also help enforce compliance requirements by limiting exposure to the public internet and preventing devices from using unauthorised services.
IoT Data Connect supports private APNs with configurable security rules, enabling customers to protect their device fleets while maintaining full control over routing and access behaviour.
Asset Tracking
Asset tracking uses IoT technologies such as cellular connectivity, GPS, BLE, and sensors to monitor the location, status, and movement of valuable equipment or goods. It is widely used in logistics, supply chains, construction, fleet management, agriculture, and security applications.
Reliable IoT connectivity is essential for effective asset tracking. Multi-network SIMs and eSIMs from platforms like IoT Data Connect ensure devices can transmit location and telemetry data even when moving across regions, crossing borders, or operating in areas with uneven coverage.
Modern asset tracking solutions can report not only location but also temperature, vibration, power status, and environmental conditions, helping businesses optimise operations, reduce loss, and maintain visibility of their mobile assets.
Antenna Gain
Antenna gain measures how efficiently an antenna converts input power into radio waves in a specific direction. Higher gain antennas focus signal strength more narrowly, improving range and performance, while lower gain antennas offer wider coverage but shorter reach.
In IoT deployments, antenna gain directly affects connectivity reliability, especially for devices operating in remote, rural, or industrial environments. Selecting the right antenna type and gain value is essential for ensuring stable communication across networks like LTE-M, NB-IoT, and 4G.
IoT Data Connect SIMs rely on consistent cellular reception, so matching the correct antenna to the device hardware is an important factor in achieving strong signal performance and maintaining uninterrupted IoT connectivity.
B
Baseband
The baseband is the part of an IoT modem or module responsible for handling all low-level radio processing, including modulation, demodulation, encoding, and communication with cellular networks. It acts as the core engine that translates digital device instructions into radio signals that 2G, 3G, 4G, LTE-M, NB-IoT, or 5G networks can understand.
In IoT devices, the baseband works closely with the SIM or eSIM to authenticate onto mobile networks, manage data sessions, and maintain stable connectivity. Baseband performance influences power consumption, latency, network compatibility, and coverage quality, making it a critical component for telematics, asset tracking, industrial sensors, and other IoT hardware.
Modern IoT modules include advanced baseband firmware that handles network selection, roaming logic, fallback behaviour, and low-power modes, all of which directly impact how reliably a device stays connected through IoT Data Connect’s multi-network infrastructure.
Billing Cycle
A billing cycle is the recurring period used to calculate and charge for IoT connectivity usage. Typical billing cycles are monthly, but in IoT deployments these may also include quarterly or annual arrangements depending on the data plan, pooled usage model, or commercial contract.
For IoT connectivity, the billing cycle includes data consumption, SIM activations or suspensions, overage charges, and value-added services such as private APNs or fixed IP options. Understanding the billing cycle is important for managing large device fleets, predicting usage patterns, and avoiding unexpected charges.
IoT Data Connect provides clear and predictable billing structures designed for IoT deployments of any size, including pooled data plans and flexible options that help businesses manage cost efficiency across their entire SIM estate.
Bootstrap Profile
A bootstrap profile is the initial eSIM or SIM profile installed on a device to ensure it can connect to a mobile network straight out of the box. Its primary purpose is to give the device enough connectivity to download or switch to an operational profile, especially in deployments where final carrier selection happens remotely.
Bootstrap profiles are essential for large-scale IoT rollouts, manufacturing, and international device distribution. They allow devices to be produced without knowing which network or region they will eventually be deployed in. Once the device connects, the bootstrap profile enables secure remote provisioning, including downloading SGP.22 or SGP.32 operational profiles.
For IoT Data Connect eSIM customers, bootstrap profiles make it possible to build “deploy anywhere” hardware, with seamless remote operator selection and simplified installation workflows.
Bootloader
A bootloader is the low-level firmware responsible for starting up an IoT device or module, verifying system integrity, and loading the main operating firmware. It ensures the device powers on correctly and can initialise communication components such as the modem, SIM, and network stack.
In IoT devices, the bootloader often includes security mechanisms like signed firmware validation, preventing unauthorised or corrupted software from running. It also plays a key role in firmware-over-the-air (FOTA) updates by enabling safe, controlled upgrades without risking device bricking.
Stable bootloader performance is essential for maintaining reliable IoT connectivity, as it ensures the device and modem are correctly initialised before attempting to attach to mobile networks via IoT Data Connect’s SIMs and eSIM profiles.
C
Carrier Locking
Carrier locking refers to the practice of restricting a SIM card, eSIM profile, or device to operate only on a specific mobile network operator. While common in the consumer market, carrier locking is generally undesirable in IoT because it prevents devices from switching networks when coverage is poor or unavailable.
For IoT deployments that depend on reliability and mobility, being locked to a single network can lead to signal loss, roaming limitations, and downtime. Multi-network IoT SIMs avoid this limitation by allowing devices to attach to the strongest available network in a given region, improving uptime and performance across different environments.
IoT Data Connect SIMs and eSIMs are intentionally not carrier locked, enabling true global multi-network connectivity and seamless operation across hundreds of partner networks.
CDR (Call Detail Record)
A Call Detail Record (CDR) is a data record generated by mobile operators that details network usage for a specific SIM or device. In IoT, CDRs include information such as data consumption, session timestamps, roaming events, IP allocation, and SMS activity.
CDRs are used for billing, network diagnostics, compliance, and analytics. They help businesses track how their IoT devices are behaving on the network and ensure accurate invoicing based on actual usage. These records are especially important in large IoT deployments, where ongoing visibility into device usage helps identify anomalies, troubleshoot connectivity issues, and optimise costs.
IoT Data Connect processes CDRs to provide customers with transparent usage reporting and real-time insights via the connectivity management platform.
Cellular IoT
Cellular IoT refers to IoT devices that use mobile networks, such as 2G, 4G, LTE-M, NB-IoT, and 5G, to send and receive data. Unlike short-range technologies like Wi-Fi or Bluetooth, cellular IoT delivers long-range, wide-area coverage suitable for industrial, commercial, and mobile applications.
Cellular IoT is ideal for remote monitoring, asset tracking, smart metering, telematics, and security systems because it offers reliable connectivity over vast geographic areas. With multi-network SIMs and eSIMs, devices can remain connected even when moving between regions or crossing borders.
IoT Data Connect’s SIMs and platform tools are specifically designed for cellular IoT, ensuring stable connectivity, global coverage, and detailed device management for large-scale deployments.
Cellular Roaming
Cellular roaming enables IoT devices to connect to mobile networks outside their home operator’s coverage area. When devices travel or operate internationally, roaming ensures they automatically attach to partner networks, maintaining connectivity without manual configuration.
For IoT deployments, roaming is essential for cross-border logistics, telematics, global asset tracking, and devices that operate in multiple markets. High-quality IoT SIMs use non-steered roaming, allowing the device to connect to the strongest available network rather than prioritising specific carriers.
IoT Data Connect uses multi-network roaming across 600+ networks worldwide, giving devices maximum uptime and consistent coverage no matter where they are deployed.
Circuit Switched
Circuit-switched technology is a traditional method of mobile communication where a dedicated communication channel is maintained for the duration of a call or data session. It was widely used in early 2G networks, particularly for voice and SMS services.
In modern IoT, circuit-switched services have largely been replaced by packet-switched technologies like LTE and NB-IoT, which allow devices to send data in smaller, more efficient packets. However, some legacy IoT systems, especially those relying on SMS commands or voice-based M2M systems, may still interact with circuit-switched infrastructure.
IoT Data Connect primarily supports packet-based IoT connectivity, but compatibility with circuit-switched functions remains important for older devices still in operation across certain industries.
CoAP
CoAP is a lightweight communication protocol designed for resource-constrained IoT devices that need to transmit small packets of data efficiently. Optimised for low-power and low-bandwidth environments, CoAP is commonly used with LPWAN technologies like NB-IoT and LTE-M.
It operates similarly to HTTP but is significantly more efficient, making it ideal for sensors, meters, and battery-powered IoT devices. CoAP supports reliable messaging, device discovery, and simple request–response communication, all while minimising overhead.
For IoT Data Connect customers deploying constrained devices, CoAP is an effective protocol choice when power usage, bandwidth efficiency, and network cost control are priorities.
Coverage Map
A coverage map shows where mobile networks are available, including signal strength and supported technologies (such as 4G, LTE-M, or 5G). For IoT deployments, coverage maps help determine whether a device will have reliable connectivity in specific regions or environments.
Multi-network IoT SIMs make coverage maps more dependable, as devices are able to attach to the strongest available network rather than relying on one operator’s footprint. This is especially critical for telematics, agriculture, renewable energy, and remote monitoring systems.
IoT Data Connect provides coverage across 600+ partner networks, ensuring consistent performance even in areas where individual operators may have weak or unreliable service.
CCTV Connectivity
CCTV connectivity refers to the use of cellular networks to provide internet access for security cameras, surveillance systems, and remote monitoring equipment. Cellular-connected CCTV is widely used in temporary installations, construction sites, rural locations, and mobile security setups where wired internet is unavailable or impractical.
IoT SIMs for CCTV must support high data throughput, stable 4G or 5G connections, and continuous uptime. They also benefit from features like fixed IPs, private APNs, and traffic encryption to ensure secure and reliable video transmission.
IoT Data Connect SIMs are commonly used for CCTV and security applications thanks to their multi-network resilience, strong upload performance, and support for advanced security features.
D
Data Bundles
Data bundles refer to predefined amounts of mobile data allocated to a SIM or group of SIMs within a contract period. In IoT, bundles are often used to manage predictable data consumption across large fleets of devices, with shared or pooled bundles helping avoid overage charges.
IoT connectivity providers offer a wide range of bundle sizes depending on the application, low-usage sensors may require only a few megabytes per month, while CCTV or telematics devices may consume gigabytes. Choosing suitable bundles is essential for keeping deployment costs efficient and ensuring every device remains connected.
IoT Data Connect offers flexible and pooled data bundle options designed specifically for large IoT estates, allowing businesses to scale without unpredictable costs.
Data Session
A data session is the period during which an IoT device is actively connected to the mobile network to send or receive data. Each session begins when the device attaches to the network and ends when the session closes or becomes inactive. Devices may open and close sessions frequently depending on how often they communicate.
Understanding data sessions is important for diagnosing connectivity issues. Interrupted sessions, unusually short sessions, or sudden drops can indicate signal problems, poor antenna performance, or misconfigured device firmware. Session stability also affects battery life for devices using LTE-M and NB-IoT.
With IoT Data Connect, customers can monitor session history and status through the connectivity management platform, helping ensure devices maintain reliable, predictable communication.
Device Heartbeat
A device heartbeat is a small, periodic message sent from an IoT device to indicate it is functioning correctly and still connected to the network. Heartbeats help platforms track device availability, detect offline units, and identify early signs of connectivity issues.
For battery-powered IoT devices, heartbeat configuration is important, shorter intervals improve monitoring accuracy, while longer intervals help preserve battery life. Heartbeat data also helps diagnose roaming problems, SIM inactivity, and network-related failures.
IoT Data Connect’s management tools allow businesses to view heartbeat activity, making it easier to detect anomalies, ensure device reliability, and maintain fleet-wide visibility.
Device Identity
Device identity refers to the unique identifiers that distinguish an IoT device on the network, such as IMEI, IMSI, ICCID, or hardware-level IDs. These identifiers are essential for authentication, provisioning, security, and routing within mobile networks.
A strong device identity system helps prevent spoofing, SIM misuse, or fraudulent network activity. It also allows platforms to securely associate data traffic with specific devices, ensuring traceability and compliance across IoT deployments.
IoT Data Connect uses secure SIM-based and network-based identity controls to verify devices, protect data paths, and deliver trustworthy IoT connectivity across global networks.
Device Lifecycle Management
Device lifecycle management covers the complete journey of an IoT device, from production and provisioning to deployment, operation, and retirement. Effective lifecycle management ensures devices can be activated, monitored, updated, reconfigured, and eventually decommissioned in a secure and structured way.
For IoT deployments, lifecycle management often involves SIM activation, profile switching, firmware updates, diagnostics, usage monitoring, and the handling of device faults. Clear lifecycle processes reduce maintenance costs, prevent downtime, and extend device lifespan.
With IoT Data Connect, customers can manage the full lifecycle of every SIM and device through a central platform, giving them full control over deployments at scale.
Device Provisioning
Device provisioning is the process of preparing and configuring an IoT device so it can connect to the network and operate correctly. This includes installing SIM or eSIM profiles, setting APNs, loading firmware, configuring network parameters, and applying security credentials.
Provisioning may occur during manufacturing, during deployment, or remotely using over-the-air (OTA) tools. For global IoT projects, provisioning must be simple and consistent so devices can be shipped anywhere and work immediately upon activation.
IoT Data Connect supports streamlined provisioning across physical SIMs, eSIMs, and SGP.32-enabled profiles, enabling businesses to deploy devices rapidly and at scale.
Diagnostics
Diagnostics refer to the tools, data, and processes used to assess the performance and condition of an IoT device or SIM. Diagnostics may include signal strength, network attachment history, session stability, roaming activity, and data usage behaviour.
Accurate diagnostics are vital for troubleshooting, especially when devices are deployed remotely or across multiple networks. They help identify issues such as poor antenna performance, misconfigured firmware, roaming problems, or local network outages.
IoT Data Connect provides real-time diagnostics within the management portal, helping businesses maintain strong connectivity and resolve issues quickly across large IoT deployments.
Downlink
Downlink refers to data transmitted from the network to the IoT device. It is the opposite of uplink, which is data sent from the device to the network. Downlink performance is important for applications that rely on commands, firmware updates, configuration changes, or real-time control.
Different IoT technologies offer different downlink capabilities. LTE and 5G provide high bandwidth downlink suitable for video and complex data streams, while NB-IoT and LTE-M focus on low-power, low-throughput downlink designed for sensors and battery-powered devices.
IoT Data Connect SIMs work across multiple radio technologies, ensuring devices can receive reliable downlink data regardless of network conditions or the country they operate in.
E
Edge Device
An edge device is any IoT device that performs processing or decision-making at the network “edge” rather than relying entirely on cloud infrastructure. Examples include sensors, gateways, controllers, industrial monitors, and embedded systems that analyse data locally before transmitting it.
Edge devices reduce network load, improve response times, and allow IoT systems to operate even when connectivity is intermittent. This makes them essential in applications such as industrial automation, smart cities, energy monitoring, and telematics. Many edge devices use cellular IoT connectivity to send aggregated or filtered data back to central systems.
With IoT Data Connect SIMs and eSIMs, edge devices gain reliable multi-network connectivity, enabling real-time communication while still benefiting from local processing efficiency.
Encryption
Encryption is the process of converting data into an unreadable format to protect it from unauthorised access. In IoT connectivity, encryption safeguards data as it travels between devices, mobile networks, and cloud platforms, ensuring the confidentiality and integrity of sensitive information.
Common encryption methods used in IoT include TLS for application-level security, IPsec for secure tunnels in private APNs, and SIM-level authentication built into cellular standards. Encryption is crucial for industries such as energy, healthcare, finance, and security where regulatory compliance demands strong protection against cyber threats.
IoT Data Connect supports encrypted data paths, including private APN options, VPN tunnels, and secure SIM authentication, helping businesses deploy IoT solutions safely across global networks.
eSIM
An eSIM (embedded SIM) is a soldered SIM module built directly into an IoT device, replacing traditional removable SIM cards. eSIMs support remote provisioning, meaning network profiles can be downloaded, activated, and replaced over the air without physical access to the device.
This makes eSIM technology ideal for large-scale IoT deployments, sealed or rugged hardware, and devices installed in remote locations. eSIMs provide greater durability, improved security, and lower maintenance requirements compared to physical SIMs.
IoT Data Connect offers global eSIM solutions with multi-network access, remote provisioning support, and compatibility with both legacy SGP.22 and next-generation SGP.32 standards, giving customers the flexibility to deploy devices anywhere in the world.
eUICC
eUICC (embedded Universal Integrated Circuit Card) refers to the technology inside an eSIM that enables it to store and manage multiple network profiles. Unlike traditional SIMs, which are tied to a single operator, an eUICC allows IoT devices to switch between carriers without replacing hardware.
This capability is essential for IoT deployments spread across different regions or operating in environments where network conditions vary. With eUICC, devices can be manufactured once and shipped globally, relying on remote provisioning to install the correct network profile in the field.
IoT Data Connect supports eUICC-enabled SIMs and eSIMs, ensuring future-proof connectivity with the freedom to switch networks, update profiles, and adapt to evolving IoT requirements.
EV Charging Connectivity
EV charging connectivity refers to the communication layer that enables electric vehicle chargers to authenticate users, process payments, report faults, and send performance data to backend systems. Cellular IoT connectivity is commonly used because chargers are often installed in locations without reliable wired internet.
An IoT-enabled EV charger must remain online at all times to support remote diagnostics, load balancing, firmware updates, and integration with charging platforms. Multi-network IoT SIMs ensure consistent uptime by connecting to the strongest available signal, which is essential for public, commercial, and private charging installations.
IoT Data Connect SIMs provide secure, resilient connectivity for EV charging infrastructure, supporting global deployments and offering features such as private APNs, fixed IPs, and real-time monitoring to maintain reliable charger performance.
F
Fallback Modes
Fallback modes refer to the ability of an IoT device or modem to switch to a different radio technology when the preferred one is unavailable. For example, a device configured for LTE may fall back to 3G or 2G, or an NB-IoT module may switch to LTE-M if permitted by the hardware and network.
Fallback modes ensure continuous connectivity in situations where coverage varies, roaming restrictions apply, or specific radio bands are disrupted. This is especially important for mobile or remote IoT deployments, where network conditions can change rapidly.
IoT Data Connect SIMs and eSIMs support multi-network and multi-technology fallback, ensuring devices always attach to the strongest available signal for maximum uptime and reliability.
Firewall Rules
Firewall rules define which types of network traffic are allowed or blocked when passing to and from an IoT device. These rules are applied to protect devices from unauthorised access, malware, and unusual traffic that may indicate a security breach.
In IoT deployments, firewall rules may apply at the device level, the private APN, or the connectivity provider’s core network. They commonly restrict traffic by IP address, port, protocol, or domain to ensure only legitimate communication paths are permitted.
IoT Data Connect offers secure connectivity options such as private APNs and VPN tunnels where firewall rules can be used to isolate device fleets, reduce exposure to the public internet, and enforce strict security policies.
Fixed IP Options
Fixed IP options allow an IoT device to operate using the same IP address every time it connects to the network. This is essential for applications that require inbound communication, remote access, or consistent address-based authentication.
Fixed IPs are commonly used for CCTV systems, industrial gateways, remote monitoring equipment, and devices that need to host local servers or be reachable from external systems. Fixed IPs can be provided over public or private APN setups depending on the security requirements.
IoT Data Connect provides fixed IP options across multiple networks, enabling secure, predictable connectivity for deployments that need direct device access or reliable bi-directional communication.
Flex Data Plans
Flex data plans are adaptive IoT data tariffs that automatically adjust to real-world usage, helping businesses avoid overage charges while keeping costs predictable. Instead of locking each SIM into a fixed monthly allowance, flex plans allow data usage to scale up or down depending on device activity.
These plans are ideal for deployments with seasonal, variable, or unpredictable data patterns, such as telematics, asset tracking, smart metering, and security systems. Flex data models help eliminate wasted capacity while preventing unexpected bills.
IoT Data Connect offers flexible data plan options designed for dynamic IoT fleets, providing businesses with greater control and cost efficiency across thousands of connected devices.
Firmware
Firmware is the low-level software embedded into an IoT device’s hardware, controlling how its components operate. It manages everything from radio communication and power usage to security functions, sensors, and network behaviour.
Reliable firmware is essential for IoT performance, as poor or outdated firmware can cause connectivity issues, battery drain, roaming failures, or incorrect data transmission. Manufacturers frequently release firmware updates to fix bugs, improve stability, and enable new network features.
IoT Data Connect’s connectivity tools help identify devices suffering from outdated or malfunctioning firmware, ensuring networks remain stable and secure.
Firmware Updates
Firmware updates refer to new versions of device firmware that enhance performance, fix vulnerabilities, or introduce new features. In IoT deployments, updates are often delivered over the air (OTA), allowing devices to be maintained without physical access.
OTA updates are crucial for long-term security and functionality. They ensure IoT hardware remains compatible with evolving network standards such as LTE-M, NB-IoT, and 5G, while also protecting devices against emerging threats.
IoT Data Connect supports reliable OTA update workflows by ensuring devices have uninterrupted connectivity, strong downlink performance, and secure communication paths throughout the update process.
Fleet Management
Fleet management in IoT refers to the centralised monitoring and control of large groups of connected devices, SIMs, or sensors. This includes tracking device status, managing SIM activations, analysing usage patterns, and performing diagnostics at scale.
Effective fleet management is essential for organisations deploying hundreds or thousands of IoT devices across multiple regions. It helps reduce operational costs, improve reliability, and streamline maintenance activities.
IoT Data Connect provides advanced fleet management capabilities through its connectivity platform, giving businesses real-time control over SIM lifecycles, device health, roaming behaviour, and data usage across global deployments.
G
Gateway
A gateway is an IoT device that bridges communication between local hardware (such as sensors or controllers) and cloud or backend platforms. Gateways often aggregate data from multiple devices and transmit it via cellular networks, Wi-Fi, or Ethernet, reducing the number of direct connections required.
In IoT deployments, gateways are invaluable for edge processing, protocol translation (such as Modbus to MQTT), and secure tunnelling of data. They enable legacy equipment to connect to modern platforms and often support local automation even when cloud connectivity is unavailable.
IoT Data Connect SIMs and eSIMs are widely used in industrial gateways, providing secure, multi-network connectivity for edge systems deployed across remote, mobile, or distributed environments.
Global IoT SIM
A Global IoT SIM is a SIM card designed to operate across multiple countries and networks, providing reliable connectivity for IoT devices deployed internationally. Unlike consumer SIMs, global IoT SIMs support multi-network roaming, consistent APN configuration, and enterprise-grade reliability.
They are ideal for cross-border logistics, telematics, asset tracking, and distributed industrial systems where devices must remain online regardless of their location.
IoT Data Connect’s Global IoT SIMs offer access to 600+ networks, ensuring consistent coverage, non-steered roaming, and seamless global deployment.
Global Multi-Network SIM
A Global Multi-Network SIM connects to the strongest available network rather than being restricted to a single carrier. This maximises uptime and improves coverage, especially in rural, industrial, or mobile deployments.
These SIMs are essential for telematics, utilities, renewable energy systems, and mission-critical IoT devices that cannot afford downtime. Multi-network capability ensures devices automatically fallback to another operator if the primary network becomes congested or unavailable.
IoT Data Connect’s multi-network SIMs deliver true redundant connectivity, providing resilience across hundreds of networks globally.
GPIO (General Purpose Input/Output)
GPIO refers to the hardware pins on an IoT device or module that can be programmed as either inputs or outputs. They allow devices to interface with sensors, switches, relays, LEDs, and industrial machinery.
GPIO is foundational in IoT hardware design, enabling devices to detect environmental conditions, control external components, and trigger automated actions. Whether used for monitoring door status, activating alarms, or gathering digital sensor readings, GPIO pins allow IoT devices to interact with the physical world.
IoT devices connected through IoT Data Connect often use GPIO-driven data to inform cloud analytics, automation workflows, and real-time monitoring systems.
GPRS / Packet Switched Data
GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) is an early form of packet-switched mobile data used on 2G networks. It allows IoT devices to send and receive small amounts of data efficiently without maintaining a constant connection, making it suitable for early M2M applications.
Although modern technologies like LTE-M and NB-IoT offer better efficiency and coverage, GPRS remains widely used in legacy devices and global markets where 2G networks are still active.
IoT Data Connect’s multi-network SIMs support fallback to GPRS in regions where modern networks are unavailable, ensuring older or low-bandwidth devices remain operational.
H
Hardware Modem / IoT Module
A hardware modem or IoT module is the embedded component that enables a device to communicate with cellular networks. It provides the radio interface, SIM communication, network protocols, and firmware required for mobile connectivity.
IoT modules come in many variants, 2G, 4G, LTE-M, NB-IoT, and 5G, each designed for specific use cases relating to power consumption, bandwidth, and cost. The quality of the module has a direct impact on coverage, roaming behaviour, battery life, and device stability.
IoT Data Connect ensures compatibility with all major IoT module brands, enabling consistent performance across diverse hardware and deployment scenarios.
Home PLMN (Home Public Land Mobile Network)
The Home PLMN is the primary mobile network associated with a SIM card based on its MCC/MNC (Mobile Country Code / Mobile Network Code). When a device is in its home region, it connects to this network by default.
In IoT deployments using multi-network SIMs, the concept of a single home network becomes less relevant. High-quality IoT SIMs use non-steered roaming, allowing the device to select the strongest network rather than being forced onto the home operator.
With IoT Data Connect SIMs, devices benefit from true multi-network roaming, avoiding issues associated with rigid home-network preferences.
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
HTTP is a widely used communication protocol that allows devices and servers to exchange web-based data. In IoT, HTTP is used for sending telemetry, retrieving configuration updates, and communicating with cloud APIs.
Although HTTP is simple and broadly supported, it can be less efficient for small or frequent IoT messages due to higher overhead compared to lightweight protocols like MQTT or CoAP.
IoT Data Connect supports HTTP-based IoT communication across global networks for deployments that rely on standard web protocols.
HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure)
HTTPS is the encrypted version of HTTP, using TLS to protect data transmitted between devices and servers. For IoT deployments, HTTPS is essential for ensuring data integrity, confidentiality, and secure authentication.
Because IoT devices often transmit sensitive or operationally critical data, HTTPS is widely used for API calls, firmware updates, and secure cloud communication.
IoT Data Connect supports reliable HTTPS traffic across all networks, enabling secure IoT data transfer worldwide.
Hybrid Roaming / Multi-IMSI SIM
Hybrid roaming or Multi-IMSI SIMs contain multiple IMSIs (network identities), allowing them to operate more flexibly across different operators. This approach improves coverage, reduces reliance on a single roaming partner, and can help overcome network restrictions in certain countries.
Multi-IMSI technology is particularly useful in IoT deployments where devices travel between regions or operate in challenging environments. It increases redundancy and ensures devices can always find a valid network to attach to.
IoT Data Connect supports hybrid roaming solutions and multi-IMSI capability for customers requiring enhanced global resilience and coverage.
I
ICCID (Integrated Circuit Card Identifier)
The ICCID is the unique serial number assigned to every SIM or eSIM profile. It identifies the physical SIM card or digital profile within global mobile networks and is used by operators, platforms, and billing systems to track provisioning, usage, and lifecycle events.
For IoT deployments, the ICCID is essential for onboarding devices, activating services, linking SIMs to accounts, and diagnosing connectivity issues. Each ICCID remains fixed for the lifetime of the SIM or eSIM profile, making it a key identity anchor in large fleets.
IoT Data Connect uses ICCIDs to manage SIM status, monitor usage, and provide real-time visibility into device behaviour across global networks.
ICCID Range
An ICCID range refers to a block of ICCIDs allocated to a connectivity provider by a SIM manufacturer. These ranges enable providers to produce batches of SIMs or eSIM profiles that are uniquely identifiable and organised for large-scale deployments.
For enterprise IoT, ICCID ranges help streamline stock management, simplify manufacturing integration, and ensure traceability across thousands of devices. They also support bulk provisioning workflows where SIMs are pre-assigned or activated in groups.
IoT Data Connect manages ICCID ranges to ensure consistent provisioning, predictable numbering, and easy integration for customers working with high-volume deployments.
IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity)
The IMEI is the unique identifier assigned to every cellular-capable device or modem module. It identifies the physical hardware rather than the SIM, allowing networks to track devices for authentication, security, and troubleshooting.
In IoT, IMEIs are essential for fleet management, device diagnostics, and verifying that hardware is functioning properly on the network. The IMEI is often used to correlate device behaviour with SIM activity, especially when resolving coverage or attachment issues.
IoT Data Connect leverages IMEI visibility to help customers monitor device activity, validate deployments, and detect abnormal or unauthorised device usage.
IMEI Lock
IMEI locking restricts a SIM to operate only with a specific device IMEI. This security feature prevents SIM misuse, theft, and unauthorised swapping of cards between devices.
IMEI locking is particularly important in deployments involving high-value equipment, CCTV systems, EV chargers, payment terminals, and industrial sensors. It protects data paths and ensures that only approved hardware can use the connectivity service.
IoT Data Connect supports IMEI lock policies for customers who require strict access control and device-to-SIM binding.
IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity)
The IMSI is the core identity stored on a SIM or eSIM that tells mobile networks which subscriber it represents. It contains a country code, network code, and unique subscriber number.
For IoT deployments, the IMSI determines which mobile operator the SIM appears to belong to and how it behaves when roaming. Multi-network and multi-IMSI SIMs use different IMSIs to improve resilience and coverage.
IoT Data Connect SIMs can use multiple IMSIs to ensure devices connect to the best possible network in any region.
IMSI Switching / Multi-IMSI
IMSI switching allows a SIM to dynamically change between different IMSIs stored on the card. This enables the device to behave as if it belongs to multiple operators, unlocking better roaming access, improved redundancy, and enhanced coverage.
Multi-IMSI technology is especially valuable for global IoT deployments, where devices move between countries or operate in locations with uneven network quality.
IoT Data Connect uses multi-IMSI options to deliver true global resilience, ensuring devices can always find a viable network wherever they operate.
Industrial IoT (IIoT)
Industrial IoT refers to the use of connected sensors, machines, gateways, and systems within industrial environments such as manufacturing, energy, utilities, logistics, and heavy equipment.
IIoT devices rely on reliable cellular connectivity to transmit operational data, support automation, and enable real-time monitoring. This improves efficiency, reduces downtime, and supports predictive maintenance strategies.
IoT Data Connect provides robust, multi-network connectivity ideal for IIoT environments, ensuring equipment operates reliably even in harsh or remote industrial settings.
Internet of Things (IoT)
The Internet of Things refers to the network of physical devices, such as sensors, trackers, meters, vehicles, and machines, that connect to the internet to exchange data. These devices generate real-time insights that improve automation, efficiency, and decision-making across industries.
Cellular IoT uses mobile networks like 4G, LTE-M, NB-IoT, and 5G to keep devices connected over wide geographic areas, making it suitable for everything from smart cities to telematics.
IoT Data Connect focuses on secure, scalable, global IoT connectivity, enabling businesses to deploy and manage thousands of devices anywhere in the world.
IP Address Allocation
IP address allocation determines how IP addresses are assigned to IoT devices when they connect to mobile networks. Devices may receive dynamic IPs, static IPs, private addresses, or public addresses depending on the deployment requirements.
Correct IP allocation is essential for remote access, secure routing, VPN connectivity, and platform integrations. Many IoT applications rely on fixed or private IP ranges for predictable, secure communication.
IoT Data Connect offers flexible IP addressing models, including fixed IP options and private APN routing for secure IoT deployments.
IPsec (Internet Protocol Security)
IPsec is a suite of protocols used to encrypt and authenticate IP traffic, typically used to create secure tunnels between IoT devices and backend systems. It ensures data confidentiality, integrity, and protection against interception.
In IoT deployments, IPsec is commonly used in private APN setups, corporate VPNs, and secure industrial communication systems.
IoT Data Connect supports IPsec tunnels for customers that require high-security transport paths between device fleets and private infrastructure.
IPv4
IPv4 is the fourth version of the Internet Protocol and the most widely used addressing system in IoT today. It uses 32-bit addresses, allowing approximately 4.3 billion unique IPs. Due to global exhaustion of IPv4 addresses, many operators now rely on NAT, private addressing, or shared pools for IoT connectivity.
IPv4 remains the default for most IoT devices because of broad compatibility and mature infrastructure.
IoT Data Connect provides IPv4 support across global networks with flexible addressing options.
IPv6
IPv6 is the modern successor to IPv4, using 128-bit addressing to allow an almost unlimited number of unique IP addresses. IPv6 offers improved routing, better security features, and more efficient communication for IoT devices.
As IoT deployments scale into millions of devices, IPv6 adoption becomes increasingly important, especially for smart cities, utilities, and large distributed sensor networks.
IoT Data Connect supports both IPv4 and IPv6, ensuring compatibility with future network environments and high-scale IoT deployments.
K
Keep Alive Mechanism
A keep alive mechanism is a periodic signal sent by an IoT device to inform the network or platform that it is still active and functioning correctly. These small packets prevent idle-time disconnections, maintain session stability, and help connectivity platforms detect offline devices quickly.
Keep alive messages are especially important in low-power networks like LTE-M and NB-IoT, where long sleep cycles can cause the network to assume a device is inactive. They also help maintain NAT bindings for devices using private or dynamic IP addressing.
IoT Data Connect supports configurable keep alive intervals, ensuring devices remain reachable while balancing battery efficiency and network performance.
L
LTE Cat 1
LTE Cat 1 is a 4G LTE category designed for medium-bandwidth IoT applications that require reliable connectivity but do not need full 4G speeds. It supports data rates suitable for telematics, industrial routers, payment terminals, and security systems.
Cat 1 offers broad global coverage and is often used as a replacement for 3G, making it ideal for IoT devices deployed in countries where 3G is being phased out. It also supports mobility features, allowing devices to stay connected while moving.
IoT Data Connect SIMs fully support Cat 1 connectivity, providing strong global coverage and reliable performance for mid-bandwidth IoT deployments.
LTE Cat M1 / LTE-M
LTE-M (also called LTE Cat M1) is a low-power cellular technology designed specifically for IoT devices. It offers extended coverage, lower power consumption, and better penetration in challenging environments such as basements, cabinets, and remote rural areas.
LTE-M is ideal for asset tracking, metering, healthcare devices, wearables, and battery-powered sensors. It supports mobility and voice features (VoLTE), making it more flexible than NB-IoT for applications that involve movement.
IoT Data Connect provides LTE-M coverage across multiple networks, enabling efficient, low-power IoT deployments using multi-network resilience and global roaming.
Lifecycle Controls
Lifecycle controls are the tools and workflows that manage each stage of an IoT device’s operational life, from initial provisioning to deactivation. These controls include SIM activation, suspension, rate-plan changes, diagnostics, profile switching, and end-of-life management.
Effective lifecycle controls reduce operational downtime, streamline maintenance, and ensure predictable behaviour across large device fleets. They are essential for organisations deploying thousands of SIMs across different regions and networks.
IoT Data Connect’s management platform provides robust lifecycle controls with real-time visibility and automation features to ensure reliable, scalable connectivity management.
Local Profile Assistant (LPA)
The Local Profile Assistant (LPA) is the software component in an eSIM-enabled device responsible for downloading, managing, and activating eSIM profiles. It handles the communication between the device, the eUICC, and the remote provisioning servers.
LPAs make it possible to add or switch network profiles over the air using QR codes, SM-DP+, or SGP.32-compatible provisioning flows. This removes the need for physical SIM swaps and simplifies global IoT deployments.
IoT Data Connect supports eSIM solutions that integrate with modern LPAs, enabling seamless remote provisioning and deployment flexibility across IoT hardware.
Logistics IoT
Logistics IoT refers to the use of connected technologies to track, monitor, and optimise the movement of goods across supply chains. This includes asset tracking, condition monitoring, fleet telematics, warehouse automation, and cold-chain compliance.
Reliable cellular IoT connectivity is essential for logistics applications because devices often travel across regions and require global coverage with seamless roaming. Multi-network SIMs ensure real-time visibility, reducing delays, losses, and inefficiencies.
IoT Data Connect enables logistics companies to deploy tracking devices worldwide with reliable, redundant connectivity and real-time management tools.
Low Power Wide Area (LPWAN)
LPWAN refers to a category of wireless communication technologies designed for long-range, low-power, low-bandwidth IoT applications. Technologies within the LPWAN family include NB-IoT, LTE-M, LoRaWAN, and Sigfox.
LPWAN networks are ideal for battery-powered sensors, smart meters, environmental monitors, and devices requiring deep indoor or underground penetration. They support massive IoT deployments where devices may need to operate for years on a single battery.
IoT Data Connect provides multi-network access to LPWAN technologies such as NB-IoT and LTE-M, enabling scalable, efficient, and long-lived IoT deployments.
M
M2M (Machine-to-Machine)
M2M refers to direct communication between devices without requiring human interaction. Traditionally used in early telematics, metering, and industrial automation, M2M connectivity relies on cellular networks to send data between machines, servers, and backend systems.
Today, M2M is considered a core part of the wider Internet of Things. While classic M2M was point-to-point, modern deployments use cloud platforms, APIs, and advanced SIM technology to manage devices at scale.
IoT Data Connect provides global M2M and IoT connectivity using multi-network SIMs and eSIMs, enabling reliable machine-to-machine communication across industries and countries.
Manufacturing IoT
Manufacturing IoT involves connecting factory equipment, sensors, robots, and monitoring systems to improve operational visibility and automate industrial processes. IoT helps manufacturers optimise production lines, monitor machine health, reduce downtime, and enable predictive maintenance.
Common Manufacturing IoT applications include connected PLCs, vibration sensors, AGVs, CNC monitoring, energy management systems, and environmental sensors. Reliable cellular connectivity keeps equipment online even when factories don’t have suitable wired networks.
IoT Data Connect supports Manufacturing IoT with multi-network SIMs, eSIMs, and platform tools that enable real-time data reporting and long-term device reliability in industrial environments.
Medical IoT / Healthcare IoT
Medical IoT refers to connected devices used in healthcare, such as patient monitoring wearables, diagnostic equipment, telehealth devices, emergency response systems, and asset tracking for medical equipment.
These devices require secure, reliable, always-on connectivity to transmit sensitive health data and ensure patient safety. Cellular IoT is widely used because it works outside hospital Wi-Fi, supports remote care, and provides controlled, secure data paths.
IoT Data Connect provides resilient connectivity for healthcare IoT with multi-network SIMs, eSIM options, private APN support, and secure routing for compliance-driven environments.
MFF2 (Embedded SIM Form Factor)
MFF2 is the embedded SIM form factor used for soldered-on eSIMs. Much smaller and more durable than plastic SIM cards, MFF2 chips are designed for rugged devices exposed to vibration, heat, moisture, or industrial conditions.
MFF2 SIMs cannot be physically removed, making them ideal for long-life IoT devices such as utility meters, smart sensors, telematics units, EV chargers, and industrial equipment. They rely on eUICC technology to enable remote profile provisioning.
IoT Data Connect supports MFF2 eSIMs with both SGP.22 and SGP.32 remote provisioning standards for flexible global deployments.
Modem
A modem (or cellular modem) is the hardware component within an IoT device that handles radio communication with mobile networks. It manages network registration, authentication, data sessions, and signal processing.
Modem performance directly impacts connectivity quality, roaming behaviour, power efficiency, and overall device reliability. IoT modems come in variants such as 2G, LTE, LTE-M, NB-IoT, and 5G depending on the application.
IoT Data Connect SIMs work seamlessly across all major IoT modem types, ensuring stable and predictable connectivity for large-scale deployments.
MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport)
MQTT is a lightweight publish–subscribe protocol widely used in IoT because of its efficiency and low bandwidth requirements. It enables devices to send and receive messages through a central broker, making it ideal for sensor networks, telemetry, and remote monitoring.
MQTT minimises network overhead, supports persistent connections, and works well over mobile networks where bandwidth or signal strength may fluctuate.
IoT Data Connect supports MQTT traffic across global networks, enabling scalable, reliable IoT communication between devices and cloud platforms.
Multi Network SIM
A Multi Network SIM allows an IoT device to connect to multiple mobile operators rather than being restricted to a single carrier. It automatically attaches to the strongest available signal, improving uptime and resilience in challenging environments.
Multi-network capability is essential for IoT devices deployed across regions, mobile assets, rural locations, or mission-critical applications where downtime is unacceptable.
IoT Data Connect’s multi-network SIMs offer access to 600+ networks globally, ensuring dependable coverage with non-steered roaming for consistent performance.
Multi-Profile Switching
Multi-profile switching refers to the ability of an eSIM to store and switch between multiple operator profiles. This allows a device to change networks without replacing hardware, making it ideal for global IoT deployments and long-term installations.
Profile switching can be triggered remotely, enabling businesses to optimise coverage, reduce costs, or comply with regional operator requirements, all without physical access to the device.
IoT Data Connect supports multi-profile eSIMs, enabling seamless switching between operator profiles using SGP.22 and next-generation SGP.32 provisioning standards.
N
NAT (Network Address Translation)
NAT is a method used to translate private IP addresses into public IP addresses so devices can communicate over the internet. In IoT, NAT is used when devices operate behind private APNs, company networks, or carrier-grade NAT systems that do not provide dedicated public IPs.
NAT helps conserve IP address space and adds a security layer by preventing direct inbound access to devices. However, it can make remote access or inbound communication more challenging unless paired with keep alive messages, VPN tunnels, or fixed IP solutions.
IoT Data Connect supports NAT based deployments and offers options like fixed IPs and private APNs for customers who need predictable or secure routing.
NB IoT (Narrowband IoT)
NB IoT is a low power, wide area cellular technology designed for devices that need small amounts of data, long battery life, and deep indoor coverage. It offers excellent penetration in challenging locations such as basements, rural sites, or inside metal cabinets.
NB IoT is ideal for sensors, meters, trackers, environmental monitors, and any long-life device that transmits periodic data.
IoT Data Connect supports NB IoT across multiple networks, giving customers reliable low power connectivity for large scale deployments.
Network Handover
Network handover is the process where a connected device switches from one cell tower or radio channel to another without losing its session. This is essential for mobile IoT applications such as vehicle telematics, logistics, or asset tracking.
Some IoT technologies like LTE and 5G support seamless handover, while NB IoT typically does not due to its low power design.
IoT Data Connect SIMs and eSIMs support network handover behavior across many radio technologies, ensuring smooth connectivity for moving devices.
Network Redundancy
Network redundancy refers to having multiple independent mobile networks available so that if one network fails, the device can connect to another. For IoT, redundancy is critical in mission critical applications such as energy systems, telematics, and security installations.
Multi network SIMs provide redundancy by allowing devices to attach to the strongest available signal rather than depending on one operator.
IoT Data Connect delivers true network redundancy with access to more than 600 global networks.
Network Slicing
Network slicing is a 5G feature that allows operators to create virtual network segments tailored to specific use cases such as low latency control systems, high throughput applications, or massive IoT deployments.
Each slice can have its own performance, security, and routing characteristics, allowing IoT devices to receive dedicated service levels even on the same physical network.
As 5G adoption grows, IoT Data Connect will support network slicing for advanced industrial and enterprise IoT use cases.
O
Operational Profile
An operational profile is the primary network profile on an eSIM that the device uses during regular operation. It replaces the bootstrap profile once the device is deployed and ensures the correct carrier connectivity for the device’s region or use case.
Operational profiles are downloaded and activated remotely using SGP.22 or SGP.32 provisioning systems.
IoT Data Connect provides flexible operational profiles that support global coverage and multi network resilience.
Overage
Overage occurs when an IoT device or SIM exceeds its allocated data allowance during a billing period. This can lead to additional charges depending on the plan and provider.
For IoT deployments with variable usage patterns, overage management is important to prevent unexpected costs. Solutions include pooled data plans, usage alerts, and flexible tariffs.
IoT Data Connect offers predictable billing options and pooled data models to reduce the risk of overage fees.
Over the Air Updates (OTA)
OTA updates allow IoT devices to receive new firmware, configuration changes, or eSIM profiles remotely through a mobile network connection. OTA updates are essential for long term device maintenance, security patches, and adding new features without physical access to the device.
Reliable OTA communication requires stable connectivity, good downlink performance, and secure transport protocols.
IoT Data Connect ensures devices remain online and reachable so OTA updates can be performed safely across global deployments.
P
Payload
A payload is the actual data transmitted by an IoT device inside a network packet. It contains the meaningful information such as sensor readings, GPS coordinates, status updates, or command instructions. The payload is separate from headers, routing information, and protocol overhead.
Efficient payload design is important in IoT because it reduces bandwidth usage, lowers data costs, and improves battery life for low power devices. Protocols like MQTT and CoAP are often chosen because they minimise payload overhead and support compact binary formats.
IoT Data Connect supports all major IoT protocols and ensures reliable delivery of payload data across global networks.
Pay as You Go
Pay as you go is a billing model where users pay only for the data or services they consume, without fixed monthly commitments. It is useful for small deployments, testing periods, or devices that send data infrequently.
While pay as you go is flexible, it can become more expensive at scale compared with pooled or contract based IoT plans. Each organisation must balance predictability with flexibility when choosing a connectivity model.
IoT Data Connect offers flexible billing options, including pay as you go arrangements for small fleets or early stage pilots.
Permanent Roaming
Permanent roaming occurs when a SIM spends most of its time outside its home country or home network. Some operators restrict permanent roaming, causing devices to lose connectivity after a certain period.
This is a major concern for global IoT deployments where devices are shipped internationally. High quality IoT SIMs avoid this problem by using multi IMSI or operator partner agreements that allow long term roaming without restrictions.
IoT Data Connect supports permanent roaming in many regions through multi network partnerships and advanced SIM technology.
Physical SIM (2FF, 3FF, 4FF)
A physical SIM is the traditional plastic SIM card used in cellular devices. They come in several sizes including mini SIM (2FF), micro SIM (3FF), and nano SIM (4FF). Physical SIMs are inserted into a device and can be swapped if needed.
In IoT deployments, physical SIMs work well for devices that are accessible and do not require sealed enclosures. However, they are less durable than embedded eSIMs and may not be suitable for harsh or long term installations.
IoT Data Connect provides all physical SIM sizes for compatibility with any IoT device or module.
PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network)
A PLMN is a mobile network operated by a specific mobile operator within a country. Each PLMN is identified by a unique combination of MCC and MNC codes.
IoT devices use PLMN information to identify which network they are connecting to both domestically and abroad. Multi network SIMs allow devices to attach to multiple PLMNs in the same region for redundancy and improved uptime.
IoT Data Connect supports access to hundreds of PLMNs worldwide, ensuring reliable connectivity across diverse regions.
Pooled Data Plans
Pooled data plans allow multiple SIMs to share a single data allowance. Instead of assigning individual data limits for each SIM, all devices draw from the same shared pool.
Pooling is ideal for fleets where usage varies significantly between devices. It reduces wasted data, prevents overages, and helps maintain predictable costs.
IoT Data Connect offers pooled data plans that scale smoothly with deployments ranging from small fleets to thousands of devices.
Private APN
A private APN is a secure access point that routes IoT device traffic through an isolated, private network rather than the public internet. This enhances security, improves performance, and allows custom routing or firewall rules.
Private APNs are widely used in security, industrial automation, utilities, and enterprise environments where data isolation is critical.
IoT Data Connect supports private APNs with optional VPN or IPsec tunnels for complete end to end security.
Profile Switching (Remote)
Remote profile switching allows an eSIM to download, install, or activate new network profiles over the air. This makes it possible to change operators, improve coverage, or comply with regional regulations without physically accessing the device.
Remote switching is essential for global IoT deployments, long life devices, and hardware installed in inaccessible locations.
IoT Data Connect supports remote profile switching for both SGP.22 and SGP.32 eSIM standards.
Provisioning Costs
Provisioning costs refer to the fees associated with preparing and activating SIMs or eSIM profiles. This may include setup charges, activation fees, network configuration costs, or fees for installing operational profiles.
In IoT deployments, provisioning costs must be managed carefully, especially when dealing with thousands of devices.
IoT Data Connect keeps provisioning costs efficient and predictable, allowing customers to scale without excessive upfront expenses.
R
Rate Plan
A rate plan defines the pricing structure and data allowances applied to an IoT SIM or group of SIMs. Typical elements of a rate plan include monthly data limits, pooled usage rules, overage charges, roaming availability, and optional features such as fixed IPs or private APNs.
Choosing the correct rate plan is essential for controlling costs in IoT deployments, especially when device usage varies across fleets. Flexible and pooled plans are often preferred for large IoT rollouts because they reduce wasted data and unexpected fees.
IoT Data Connect provides a wide range of rate plans designed specifically for IoT, offering predictable billing and scalable pricing for deployments of any size.
Remote SIM Provisioning
Remote SIM provisioning refers to the process of downloading, installing, or updating SIM or eSIM profiles over the air. This removes the need to physically swap SIM cards and enables global deployments where network selection may change after installation.
Remote provisioning works through standards such as SGP.22 and SGP.32 and enables profile switching, bootstrap logic, and dynamic operator updates.
IoT Data Connect supports seamless remote provisioning for eSIMs, allowing customers to deploy devices anywhere and activate connectivity without manual intervention.
Renewable Energy Monitoring
Renewable energy monitoring uses IoT devices to track performance, output, and environmental conditions for solar farms, wind turbines, hydro installations, and battery storage systems. These systems rely on real time data to optimise power generation and detect faults quickly.
Cellular IoT connectivity is ideal for renewable sites due to their remote locations, limited wired infrastructure, and need for continuous operation. Connected monitoring systems provide insights such as generation levels, temperature, fault codes, inverter performance, and site health.
IoT Data Connect provides multi network SIMs and eSIMs that keep renewable installations online with reliable data transmission across 600 networks worldwide.
REST API
A REST API is an application programming interface that uses standard HTTP methods to allow systems to communicate in a simple, stateless way. REST APIs are widely used in IoT to manage SIMs, retrieve diagnostics, monitor usage, trigger automations, and integrate device data with cloud platforms.
REST APIs are lightweight, scalable, and easy to work with, making them ideal for IoT deployments that require automation or fleet management at scale.
IoT Data Connect offers REST API access so customers can integrate connectivity controls directly into their own systems and workflows.
Roaming SIM
A roaming SIM is a SIM card that uses partner networks when outside its home operator’s coverage area. For IoT, roaming SIMs allow devices to operate across multiple countries without manual configuration.
High quality IoT roaming SIMs support non steered roaming, meaning the device attaches to the strongest available network rather than being forced onto a preferred partner.
IoT Data Connect provides true multi network roaming across more than 600 networks, ensuring strong coverage and high uptime worldwide.
RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator)
RSSI measures the strength of the received radio signal. It is a general indicator of how strong or weak the connection is between an IoT device and the nearby cell tower.
RSSI does not measure signal quality. Instead, it reflects how much raw power the device is receiving, which can be affected by distance, obstacles, antenna positioning, or interference.
IoT Data Connect uses RSSI values to help customers assess device connectivity, troubleshoot issues, and optimise antenna placement.
RSRP (Reference Signal Received Power)
RSRP is a more accurate measurement of LTE and 5G signal power than RSSI. It measures the strength of specific reference signals broadcast by the cell tower, making it a key metric for evaluating LTE and 5G network performance.
RSRP is especially important for IoT devices operating in low power or remote environments where signal availability may fluctuate.
IoT Data Connect provides tools for analysing RSRP readings across device fleets to help optimise deployment and coverage performance.
RSRQ (Reference Signal Received Quality)
RSRQ measures the quality of the LTE or 5G signal by comparing reference signal strength with background noise and interference. It provides insight into how usable the received signal is, not simply how strong it is.
A device can show good RSRP but poor RSRQ if there is congestion or interference. RSRQ is crucial for diagnosing performance issues and understanding why a device experiences low throughput or unstable sessions.
IoT Data Connect helps customers interpret RSRQ values to refine antenna placement, troubleshoot network conditions, and improve overall connectivity stability.
S
Security Systems / Alarms IoT
Security and alarm IoT refers to connected devices used for intrusion detection, surveillance, access control, and safety systems. These include alarm panels, PIR sensors, CCTV cameras, smart locks, and fire or environmental sensors that communicate in real time.
Cellular IoT connectivity is often used because security hardware must remain online even when Wi-Fi or broadband is unavailable or tampered with. Multi network SIMs ensure continuous monitoring and signal redundancy, which is essential in high risk or remote deployments.
IoT Data Connect provides reliable, high uptime connectivity for security and alarm systems, with fixed IP and private APN options for secure data routing.
Service Isolation
Service isolation refers to separating network traffic or services so that one group of devices cannot interfere with or access another. This is typically done using private APNs, VLANs, firewall rules, or dedicated routing.
For IoT deployments, service isolation is an important security practice. It helps prevent cross device attacks, reduces exposure to the public internet, and ensures sensitive systems remain protected.
IoT Data Connect supports service isolation through private APNs, policy based routing, and secure tunnelling options.
SGP.22
SGP.22 is the GSMA specification used for remote SIM provisioning on consumer and IoT eSIMs. This standard defines how devices download, install, and manage eSIM profiles using an SM DP plus server.
SGP.22 enables remote operator changes, bootstrap profiles, and multi profile management across global networks. It is widely used in IoT devices that need flexible, remote provisioning.
IoT Data Connect supports SGP.22 eSIM provisioning for global deployments.
SGP.32
SGP.32 is the next generation GSMA standard designed specifically for IoT eSIM provisioning. It offers faster downloads, simplified architecture, and better support for low power devices compared with SGP.22.
SGP.32 enables efficient multi profile management, improved security, and much more flexibility for large scale IoT deployments. It is becoming the preferred standard for modern eSIM enabled IoT hardware.
IoT Data Connect offers full support for SGP.32 provisioning workflows for enterprise grade IoT deployments.
SIM Freezing
SIM freezing refers to temporarily suspending a SIM so that it remains active in the platform but cannot use data or generate charges. This is useful for seasonal devices, unused stock, or deployments that experience downtime.
Freezing prevents billing usage without fully deactivating the SIM, allowing it to be reactivated instantly when needed.
IoT Data Connect allows customers to freeze and unfreeze SIMs through the management portal to control costs and optimise fleet utilisation.
SIM Lifecycle
The SIM lifecycle describes the entire operational journey of a SIM or eSIM profile, from manufacturing and activation to suspension, migration, and decommissioning.
Managing lifecycle stages is essential for cost control, compliance, and long term reliability. It includes activation, testing, operational use, diagnostics, profile switching, and end of life removal.
IoT Data Connect provides full lifecycle visibility, enabling customers to manage SIMs at scale with real time status and automation tools.
SIM Management Portal
A SIM management portal is the online platform used to monitor, control, and manage IoT SIMs and eSIMs. It typically includes usage reporting, diagnostics, activation controls, profile management, alerts, and API integrations.
These portals are essential for large IoT deployments where manual management is impossible. They help businesses troubleshoot issues, optimise data usage, and automate routine tasks.
IoT Data Connect provides an enterprise grade management portal designed for global IoT connectivity at scale.
SIM Toolkit (STK)
The SIM Toolkit is a set of applications and commands stored on a SIM that allow it to interact with the device hardware and network. STK supports operations such as menu functions, proactive commands, SIM based authentication, and network triggered events.
While more common in older mobile devices, STK remains in use for certain IoT applications that require SIM initiated actions or compatibility with legacy equipment.
IoT Data Connect SIMs support standard STK functions when required by specific IoT hardware.
Signal Strength
Signal strength refers to the measured power level of the received radio signal between an IoT device and the network. Strong signal strength improves connectivity stability, throughput, and session reliability.
Technologies like RSSI, RSRP, and SINR provide different ways to quantify signal quality and performance. Accurate signal readings are essential for diagnosing connectivity issues and optimising antenna placement.
IoT Data Connect gives customers live visibility of device signal strength to help refine deployments and improve uptime.
Smart Metering
Smart metering uses connected electricity, gas, or water meters to collect usage data automatically and transmit it to utility providers. Cellular IoT is widely used because meters are often installed in difficult locations with no wired internet.
Smart meters help reduce manual readings, detect faults early, support dynamic billing, and improve energy efficiency.
IoT Data Connect provides reliable multi network connectivity for smart metering infrastructure, ensuring consistent data delivery across distributed networks.
Smart Cities
Smart cities use interconnected IoT devices to improve urban infrastructure, public services, and environmental monitoring. Common applications include traffic systems, waste management, parking sensors, lighting control, and air quality networks.
Reliable cellular connectivity ensures urban IoT devices remain online across wide areas and diverse environments.
IoT Data Connect enables smart city deployments with resilient, scalable connectivity and support for high density sensor networks.
T
Telemetry
Telemetry refers to the automated collection and transmission of data from an IoT device to a remote server or platform. This data often includes sensor readings, GPS coordinates, device status, environmental conditions, and performance metrics.
Telemetry is the foundation of most IoT applications because it enables real time monitoring, automation, analytics, and decision making. Efficient telemetry protocols such as MQTT, CoAP, and lightweight HTTP formats help reduce data usage and improve battery life.
IoT Data Connect provides reliable multi network connectivity to ensure telemetry data is delivered consistently across global deployments.
Telematics
Telematics is the use of connected devices to monitor and manage vehicles, assets, or mobile equipment. This includes GPS tracking, driver behaviour analysis, fuel monitoring, engine diagnostics, and fleet management.
Telematics relies heavily on cellular IoT connectivity because vehicles frequently move across regions or countries. Multi network SIMs ensure devices remain online even when switching between operators or encountering weak coverage.
IoT Data Connect is widely used for telematics deployments, offering high uptime, global roaming, and real time device insights.
TLS (Transport Layer Security)
TLS is a cryptographic protocol that encrypts data sent between an IoT device and a server, preventing interception or tampering. It is commonly used for securing REST APIs, MQTT connections, firmware updates, and cloud communication.
TLS is essential for IoT deployments where devices transmit sensitive data or require strong authentication. It helps protect against man in the middle attacks and ensures the integrity of transmitted information.
IoT Data Connect supports secure TLS based communication across all networks, enabling safe and compliant IoT data transfer.
Traffic Analysis
Traffic analysis refers to the process of examining data usage, session activity, roaming behaviour, and communication patterns across IoT devices. It helps identify anomalies, network failures, firmware issues, and unusual behaviour.
Effective traffic analysis is essential for diagnosing connectivity issues, optimising deployments, and managing large device fleets. Insights gained from traffic analysis can reduce downtime and improve operational efficiency.
IoT Data Connect provides detailed traffic analytics through its management platform, giving customers real time visibility across all SIMs.
Traffic Prioritisation
Traffic prioritisation is a network feature that gives certain types of IoT communication higher priority over others. This ensures critical data such as alarms, control messages, or safety information is delivered reliably even when networks are congested.
In IoT deployments, prioritisation is important for applications like telematics, security systems, industrial automation, and emergency services.
IoT Data Connect supports prioritised IoT traffic through advanced network partnerships and routing options.
U
UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
UDP is a simple, connectionless communication protocol used for fast, lightweight data transmission. It does not require acknowledgements or session management, making it ideal for IoT applications where speed and efficiency matter more than guaranteed delivery.
Common IoT uses include sensor telemetry, GPS tracking updates, control signals, and real time monitoring.
IoT Data Connect supports UDP traffic across global networks, enabling low overhead communication for large fleets and high frequency IoT devices.
Uplink
Uplink refers to data sent from an IoT device to the network or cloud. It is the opposite of downlink. Uplink performance is crucial for devices that regularly transmit telemetry, alerts, GPS location data, or sensor readings.
Different radio technologies offer different uplink capabilities. 4G and 5G support high bandwidth uplink, while LTE M and NB IoT provide low power, low bandwidth uplink suited to sensors and battery powered hardware.
IoT Data Connect ensures stable uplink performance across multi network environments.
Usage Monitoring
Usage monitoring involves tracking the data consumption, session activity, SMS usage, and roaming behaviour of each IoT SIM or device. This prevents overages, detects faults, and ensures predictable billing across large deployments.
Real time usage monitoring helps identify abnormal patterns such as malfunctioning devices, runaway data consumption, or roaming problems.
IoT Data Connect provides advanced usage monitoring tools through its SIM management platform, allowing customers to optimise fleets and control costs.
V
Visited PLMN
A visited PLMN is the mobile network a device connects to when it is roaming outside its home network. When an IoT device travels or is deployed internationally, it attaches to a visited PLMN to maintain connectivity.
For IoT deployments using multi network SIMs, devices may connect to different visited PLMNs even within the same country to ensure the strongest possible signal. Tracking visited PLMNs is useful for diagnostics, coverage analysis, and roaming behaviour monitoring.
IoT Data Connect provides visibility of visited PLMN activity, helping businesses understand device movement and network performance in real world conditions.
VPN (Virtual Private Network)
A VPN creates a secure, encrypted communication tunnel between IoT devices and backend systems. VPNs prevent data interception and ensure that traffic remains isolated from the public internet.
VPNs are widely used in IoT deployments for applications such as CCTV connectivity, industrial automation, payment terminals, and secure remote monitoring. They can be used together with private APNs and IPsec for end to end security.
IoT Data Connect supports VPN connectivity options for customers who require private and fully secured communication paths.
W
Webhooks
Webhooks are automated notifications sent from one system to another when specific events occur. In IoT, webhooks allow platforms to instantly notify user applications about SIM activations, usage thresholds, connectivity changes, roaming events, or diagnostic alerts.
Webhooks help automate workflows, trigger alerts, update dashboards, and integrate IoT connectivity data into external systems without constant polling.
IoT Data Connect supports webhook integrations so customers can build real time automation into their own platforms and tools.
White Listing / Black Listing
White listing and black listing are security methods used to control which networks, services, IPs, or devices an IoT SIM is allowed to communicate with.
White listing allows only approved communication paths, creating highly controlled and secure environments. Black listing blocks specific destinations, networks, or services to prevent misuse or reduce risk.
IoT Data Connect enables granular white list and black list controls through private APNs, firewall configuration, and SIM level security policies.
Wireless Gateway
A wireless gateway is an IoT device that connects local sensors or equipment to the internet using cellular, Wi-Fi, or other wireless technologies. It acts as a bridge between non connected hardware and cloud systems.
Wireless gateways collect data from devices, perform local processing, and transmit information to backend platforms using secure, reliable communication channels. They are widely used in industrial automation, smart cities, agriculture, telematics, and environmental monitoring.
IoT Data Connect SIMs and eSIMs provide the connectivity backbone for wireless gateways deployed across remote or distributed environments.
Why Choose Us?
Multi-Network Coverage
Access 600+ mobile networks worldwide. Always connect to the strongest available signal for continuous data transmission.
Secure Private APN
Keep tachograph and driver data protected with our private APN and VPN options, ensuring compliance with data protection laws.
Scalable SIM Management
Activate, monitor, and manage hundreds of IoT SIMs from one centralised dashboard with real-time analytics.
Low-Data, High-Reliability Plans
Optimised data bundles for tachograph telemetry ensure predictable, low-cost connectivity without compromising reliability.
Global Coverage
IoT Data Connect can help you achieve nearly 100% global connectivity to meet your business needs. Our IoT SIM cards instantly connect IoT devices to over 600 mobile networks in over 186 countries. We enable free multi-network roaming, ensuring consistent global coverage at all times.
We also offer undirected roaming, allowing your device to freely connect to the best available network.
Smarter IoT Connectivity.
Proven Results in Power, Data, and Performance
50% longer device uptime
Reduce power drain with NB-IoT and LTE-M low-energy profiles.
Instant global connectivity
Activate devices across 600+ networks in 180+ countries.
99.8% uptime reliability
Resilient IoT connectivity backed by Tier-1 network partners.
What our customers think of us.
I’m so glad I used these people, I initially ordered a sim that was requested by my technician for my electric gates, the next morning I had a call from M2M group explaining the different plans and networks, I’m so glad they called me, the price is very good too for a year plan with multiple networks, I initially ordered a single network sim as I did not realise there were others to choose from, the sim/gates app works like a dream, no matter where I am I can open the gates and let someone in, my experience of a single network sim is intermittent access, thank goodness I got a call the next morning, thank you for your help and advice with getting the right sim, much appreciated.
Jo O’Loughlin
Talk to our IoT connectivity experts
Get in touch to discover how IoT Data Connect can power your next project with secure, scalable and cost-efficient global connectivity.
- 600 + networks across 180 + countries
- Flexible pay-as-you-grow SIM plans
- Fixed IP and private APN options
- SoftSIM and eSIM ready devices
- 99.8 % uptime with real-time monitoring